It’s been termed "a summer of fear" as financial and commodities markets grapple with growing concern that the world is heading for a downturn.

Escalating trade tensions between the US and China have been wound even higher by US President Donald Trump’s accusations that China is manipulating its currency to boost exports — a serious charge indeed.

As economic growth slows from Germany to China, the warning message is clear for shipping that the outlook for cargo demand is uncertain at best.