Shipowners are caught between a rock and a hard place amid heated debates over which marine fuels are best suited for a low-carbon future.

In a bid to help combat climate change, the International Maritime Organization has aimed to cut greenhouse emissions from shipping in half by 2050, relative to 2008 levels.

Regulators and industry experts generally believe new types of low or zero-carbon fuels are required to reach this target, but there has been no consensus over the decarbonisation pathways.