Rolls-Royce Marine president Mikael Makinen thought he had seen it all in a 33-year career in marine engineering — but the persistence of the shipping industry’s “unprecedented” downturn caught him by surprise.

Three years ago, having just joined the company, he was sitting at his desk at headquarters in London, waiting for the customary cyclical upturn to arrive. Then it dawned on him that this time was different and he had to do something about it.