The shipping industry faces a costly bill if it wants to meet more stringent sulphur emission requirements at the end of the decade.

A study presented to the OECD’s International Transportation Forum meeting in Liepzig said the container shipping industry will face between $5bn and $30bn in costs to meet the global 0.5% sulphur emissions cap by 2020. The wide range of estimates stems from uncertainty over the availability of low-sulphur ship fuel.