As OMM warned it would reject claims where the cash call has not been paid, the first shipowners to defy the club, thereby risking vessel arrests, have nailed their colours to the mast.

Owners refusing to pay the call, estimated to run to more than $100m, include Nick Vafias of Brave Maritime, Nikolaos Varvetes of Nafto Trade, Vassilios Vamvakaris of Vamvaship and Vassos Hadjitheodosiou of Salamis Lines.