A new study raises more concerns over open-loop exhaust gas scrubbers' potential harm to marine life, branding the devices a "direct polluter" of the seas.

Further research is needed to better quantify and evaluate the total impact on the marine environment of this new and emerging source

German 2018 report

The review by the German Environment Agency focuses on waterborne emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), which are compounds found in coal and tar.